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谷歌只需十天便可终结中国网络审查

谷歌可以在10天内终结中国当局的互联网审查?追求网络自由的活动人士坚信这是可能的。问题是,谷歌是否愿意这样做呢?记者专访“自由微博”成员查理·史密斯(Charlie Smith)。
  你在英国《卫报》(The Guardian)发表文章称,谷歌可以在十天内终结中国的互联网审查。这要怎样才能做到呢?
  你们建议谷歌突破网络审查的措施,其可行性是否得到过验证?结果如何?
  我们的方法称为"抵押自由"(Collateral Freedom)。我们不是说"防火长城"(GFW)不能封杀我们(的方法)。我们的意思是,GFW不敢这么做,因为会担心产生严重的经济损失。GitHub是一个很好的例子:GitHub网站在中国遭到全面封杀。但仅仅几天之后,该网站就完全恢复。在此之前,发生了罕见的公开抗议行动,迫使当局重新审视他们的决定。很显然,中国境内的许多软件开发者都依赖Github来共享代码。彻底封杀该网站影响到巨大的商机。GitHub也许就是因为太重要,以至于无法封杀(too important to block)。
  我们也作了其他一些试验。我们利用亚马逊(Amazon)和谷歌的网络服务重新恢复了路透社和自由微博网站的访问。我们认定GFW不敢彻底封杀亚马逊和谷歌。到现在为止,GFW既没有封杀(我们制做的)镜像网站,也没有封锁(谷歌和亚马逊的)网络服务。
  从技术而言,中国当局是否可能封锁谷歌的部分网络,而保证其余部分不受影响?
  如果谷歌采用HTTPS协议,并且将网络缓存放在次级路径(subpath)下,从技术而言是无法对谷歌进行部分封锁的。因为数据传输是加密的,选择性地封锁网站意味着中国当局首先要看到传输的内容。这也就意味着他们必须先解密,而这实际上是不可能的。但是,谷歌在中国迄今仍没有使用加密的HTTPS协议,而是HTTP协议。如果谷歌采取我们所说的办法,那么只要谷歌本身不被封锁,那些被禁网站也就能继续访问。
  你在发表在《卫报》上的文章里曾写道,肯定有谷歌的员工曾经向管理层提出过,要采取你所建议的那些方法。但是并没有证据显示谷歌确实付诸实施,或者至少尝试这么做,尽管按照你的说法"只需要十天时间"。你认为,谷歌"不作为"的理由是什么?
  谷歌管理层可能担心,谷歌网站会被中断访问甚至被彻底封杀。他们的担心是有道理的,但这样的想法恰恰让情况更糟糕。当谷歌在2010年撤出中国市场时,它的市场份额是30%,而现在只有3%。正是因为中国当局有选择性地封杀谷歌关键字,才会造成了这样的严重下滑。比如,如果你搜索"胡萝卜",你的搜索会被GFW封杀,因为有"胡",虽然这只是一个普通的中国字,但却和"胡锦涛"联系在一起。此外,与谷歌的网络连接会被中断90秒。中国用户可能根本不会意识到发生了什么。他们只会指责谷歌提供了不可靠的服务。如果转换到HTTPS协议,这样的封杀便不再可行。如果在2010年,谷歌接受了我们提出的建议,他们在中国也许还能拥有30%的市场份额。因为没有转到HTTPS协议,谷歌听任中国当局持续破坏中国用户对于谷歌的使用体验,并借此削弱谷歌的重要性。中国当局正是利用了谷歌的恐惧心理。如果谷歌因为怕遭到全面封杀而瞻前顾后,那就等于给了中国当局大把时间逐步把它在中国的服务完全消灭。
  封杀一个市场占有率达到30%的网站是不可想象的,会导致大规模抗议。我之前提到中国曾被迫解禁Github,而这个网站的重要性远不如谷歌。谷歌在2010年已经错失黄金机会。他们目前3%的市场份额已经不足以成为对抗政府的有效杠杆。尽管如此,许多企业,尤其外国企业仍然依赖谷歌产品,比如Gmail和Google App。封杀谷歌会带来严重的商业后果,因为人们会发现自己的工作因为无法获取谷歌提供的服务而被迫中断。
  你在文章中提到中国当局曾试图封杀谷歌服务,但最终失败。但另一方面,谷歌也没能赢得胜利,毕竟他们基本退出了中国网络搜索的市场。谷歌也许因为其重要性而令中国当局无法彻底封杀,但中国市场是否也因为其商业价值太重要,而令谷歌无法或不愿与中国政府抗衡呢?你认为谷歌有什么理由会采取你建议的行动?
  中国当局在2012年11月9日封锁谷歌,但一天之后就解禁了。我们从来没说中国政府"封杀失败"。但是因为那次封锁发生在周五晚间,而且一天之内就解除了,这显示中国政府担心造成经济损失。据我们猜测,那次封杀是想探试一下网民的反应。我们确信,有鉴于谷歌目前在中国市场的份额,(对于中国政府而言,)封杀谷歌搜索导致的用户不满不会继续成为一个威胁,但尽管如此,由此造成的负面经济后果依然存在。
  你是否从谷歌方面得到任何相关回应?
  我们没有从谷歌得到回应。实际上,我们也并没有就此试图与谷歌接触。我们的计划已经得到了广泛报道,因此我认为谷歌内部的相关人等也许已经注意到这一点。我认为,谷歌以前可能就考虑过这么做。我希望他们会关注到微软结束接受中国对Skype审查的决定,也打定主意跟进并执行我们的计划。如果有足够的互联网企业能够同时采取必要步骤终结在线审查,中国当局会承受巨大压力,必须拿出一些行动。但愿,他们会做出正确的事情。
  你对谷歌所作出的建议是否会违反法律?
  首先我想明确无误地指出:我大力支持终结中国审查制度。但是我并不同意一家企业可以被允许由他们自己来决定在哪个国家希望遵守哪些法律。
  回到问题本身,这是完全合法的。因为谷歌已经在全世界都提供了网络缓存服务。这个网址只是在中国遭到封杀。我们要求谷歌所做的仅仅是:在中国提供他们在世界其他地方所提供的相同服务。为被封杀的网站提供缓存或主机服务并不违反中国法律。并没有任何法庭判决认定类似Facebook、Twitter和纽约时报这样的网站是非法的。它们都是在没有法律审核的情况下被秘密封杀的。中国政府可以公开宣布这些网站非法,并取得法庭判决来支持他们的说法。这样他们就可以把法庭判决发给谷歌,并要求谷歌限制针对特定网站的本地访问。中国法律规定成人网站是非法的,我们对此完全尊重。但并没有法律禁止使用Facebook或维基百科。中国宪法里规定了言论自由。谷歌提供类似网站的访问正是维护中国法律,而非触犯。
  附:Google could end China’s web censorship in 10 days – why doesn’t it?
  Google is too big for China to block. Just two simple steps and Eric Schmidt will have done something we can all celebrate
  This week, Eric Schmidt, Google’s executive chairman, was quoted as saying during a speech in Washington: "We can end government censorship in a decade. The solution to government surveillance is to encrypt everything."
  2. While we provide a pretty comprehensive list of websites that are blocked in China, Google holds the best list of blocked websites, everywhere in the world. If the website that a user tries to visit is blocked, Google should redirect the user to a mirrored version of the same website hosted by Google.
  That’s it. Two simple steps and Google could end online censorship by the end of this month in China. Quite possibly they could end online censorship just about everywhere in the world before the new year. Forget about not doing evil – this would be something that we could all celebrate.
  Critics of our approach will say that the "do it, they might not block you" argument is tenuous. But that is not what we are saying. What we are saying is: "Google! Do it! If they don’t block you, freedom wins. If they do block you, there will be much more opposition to censorship inside China and the system will be forced to change, thus freedom wins too!"
  Is there a better example of a win-win outcome?
  We are gambling that Google is big enough and important enough that the Chinese authorities would not dare block it completely. They tried it once before and backed down after a day. They have sometimes made Google services like Gmail excruciatingly difficult to use. But given how essential Google is to so many individuals and businesses, blocking the company entirely would have immediate and disastrous economic consequences.
  Our two-step approach is not technically complicated. In the past, we have repeatedly asked Google to make its search engine https by default, but it took Edward Snowden and a bunch of files to make Google do this for the US market.
  Every time you click on a Google search result that takes you to a blocked website, Google can detect that the site is blocked. They also have an index of the entire content of the internet. It would be easy for Google to make a change to its search engine, so that when you click on a blocked link, you are redirected to an unblocked version of the page, hosted on an unblockable proxy. Google is already halfway there. Google caches most internet pages and provides them to users. The cache is hosted on a separate domain, which is blocked in China but Google can simply host the cache on a subpath to bypass the block.
  It did not take us long to mirror both the Reuters and the China Digital Times websites. The Chinese authorities have not moved to block the three mirrors we have created. The window of opportunity is open for Google to make its move. Google could do what we did in the blink of an eye. We estimate it would take a small team at Google about 10 days of work – but this is Google we are talking about. They could likely do this over late-night tofu pizza.
  There must be Google employees who have already proposed doing what we are suggesting. While Schmidt may feel that he needs to speak out to others on causes that he and the co-founders of Google feel are important, he should not lose sight of his company’s own ability to bring about these changes.
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